Estimating natural fracture properties based on production from hydraulically fractured wells

ABSTRACT

To estimate natural fracture properties based on production from hydraulically fractured wells, a computer system receives hydrocarbon reservoir production information associated with a naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoir with entrapped hydrocarbons in which a wellbore has been formed to produce the hydrocarbons. The information includes a wellbore pressure measured over production time. From the wellbore pressure, the computer system determines a time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over the production time. From a plot of a logarithmic time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over logarithmic production time, the computer system identifies multiple plot sections, each representing a respective flow regime of a flow of the hydrocarbons from the reservoir. For each plot section, the computer system determines a corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure intersect value and a reservoir parameter for each corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure intersect value determined for each plot section.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/746,016, filed Jan. 17, 2020, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to evaluating naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs and using results of the evaluation to produce hydrocarbons from such reservoirs.

BACKGROUND

A naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoir is one in which fractures are created by geological processes. Such fractures impact the migration, storage, and extraction of hydrocarbons entrapped in the reservoir. Hydrocarbon extraction processes, such as, drilling and weight design, hydraulic fracturing design, hydrocarbon production optimization, to name a few, are impacted by properties of the natural fractures. Such properties can be determined through wellbore pressure analysis for data from well tests and production. Whereas techniques to estimate properties of intact rocks have been well developed, the estimation of properties of fractures for naturally fractured reservoirs is complex.

SUMMARY

This disclosure describes technologies relating to estimating natural fracture properties based on production from hydraulically fractured wells.

Certain aspects of the subject matter described here can be implemented as a computer-implemented method. A computer system receives hydrocarbon reservoir production information associated with a naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoir with entrapped hydrocarbons in which a wellbore has been formed to produce the hydrocarbons. The information includes a wellbore pressure measured over production time. From the wellbore pressure measured over the production time, the computer system determines a time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over the production time. From a plot of a logarithmic time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over logarithmic production time, the computer system identifies multiple plot sections. Each plot section represents a respective flow regime of a flow of the hydrocarbons from the reservoir. For each plot section, the computer system determines a corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure intersect value. The computer system determines a reservoir parameter for each corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure intersect value determined for each plot section.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The information includes production rate, pressure at standard conditions, temperature at standard conditions, thickness of formation in which the wellbore is formed, radius of the wellbore, hydrocarbon viscosity, reservoir temperature, and reservoir porosity and compressibility.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The multiple plot sections include a pseudo-radial plot section having a slope of substantially zero. To determine the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure intersect value for the pseudo-radial plot section, an intersect value of the pseudo-radial plot section on the plot is identified.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The reservoir parameter for the pseudo-radial plot section is fracture permeability of the reservoir. The fracture permeability is determined by computationally solving equations described in this disclosure.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The multiple plot sections include a pseudo-steady state section having a slope of substantially +1. To determine the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure intersect value for the pseudo-steady state plot section, an intersect value of the pseudo-steady state plot section on the plot is determined.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The reservoir parameter for the pseudo-steady state plot section is matrix permeability of the reservoir. The matrix permeability is determined by computationally solving equations described in this disclosure.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The multiple plot sections include a trough in the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over logarithmic production time. To determine the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure intersect value for the trough, an intersect value of the trough of the plot is determined.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The trough includes a high point and a low point, each being an intersect value. A difference between the high point and the low point is a time rate of change of pressure of the trough.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The reservoir parameter for the trough is fracture storage. The fracture storage is determined by computationally solving equations described in this disclosure.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The multiple plot sections include a pseudo-linear plot section having a slope of substantially +½. To determine the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure intersect value for the pseudo-linear plot section, an intersect value of the pseudo-linear plot section on the plot is determined.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The reservoir parameter is hydraulic fracture half length. The hydraulic fracture half length is determined by computationally solving equations described in this disclosure.

An aspect combinable with any of the other aspects includes the following features. The plot of the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over the logarithmic production time is generated.

Certain aspects of the subject matter described here can be implemented as a computer-readable medium (for example, a non-transitory, computer-readable medium) storing instructions executable by a computer system to perform operations described in this disclosure.

Certain aspects of the subject matter described here can be implemented as a computer system. The computer system includes one or more processors and a computer-readable storage medium (for example, a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium) coupled to the one or more processors. The medium stores programming instructions for execution by the one or more processors. The programming instructions instructing the one or more processors to perform operations described in this disclosure.

The previously described implementation is implementable using a computer-implemented method; a non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions to perform the computer-implemented method; and a computer-implemented system including a computer memory interoperably coupled with a hardware processor configured to perform the computer-implemented method or to execute the instructions stored on the non-transitory, computer-readable medium.

The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a hydraulic fracture in a cylindrically-bounded formation.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of production from a horizontal wellbore with multi-stage hydraulic fractures.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are plots of wellbore gas potential response during constant rate of production.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an example of a process for determining reservoir parameters of a naturally fractured reservoir with entrapped hydrocarbons.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example computer system used to provide computational functionalities associated with described algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the present disclosure, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain methods for determination of properties of natural fractures in hydrocarbon reservoirs depend on idealized dual-porosity models. Such models assume that the fractures consist of an orthogonal system. In the model, rock matrix and natural fractures play the role of storage and conduction, respectively. There is fluid communication between the matrix and the fractures but not flow in the rock matrix. Such a model is weakly representative of natural fractures due to its assumption of ideal geometry on natural fractures. Such a model also neglects the fluid flow in the rock matrix, which makes the estimations unreliable when investigating naturally fractured unconventional rocks which have relatively high permeability. Studies have shown that, even for some cases of unconventional rocks, the fluid flow in the matrix plays a role in such pressure analysis.

This disclosure describes implementing the dual-porosity, dual-permeability model that accounts for both matrix and fracture flows to analyze wellbore gas potential response during production from a hydraulically fractured well in a naturally fractured formation. Wellbore gas potential is equivalent to wellbore gas pressure. Wellbore gas potential is calculated from wellbore gas pressure using Equation (4) provided later. Wellbore gas pressure can be measured using a pressure gauge. As described later, an analytical solution of wellbore gas potential response during a constant rate of production from a hydraulically fractured wellbore in a naturally-fractured and cylindrically-bounded formation is derived. The analytical solution accounts for both matrix and fracture flows into the wellbore. Curves of wellbore gas potential over time are analyzed. The analysis identifies multiple flow regimes represented by pseudo-linear, pseudo-radial, pseudo-steady state portions, and a trough having a trough base and a trough height. Matrix and fracture permeability together with inter-porosity flow coefficient are computationally determined from analytical equations representing the multiple flow regimes.

FIG. 1 is a schematic 100 of a hydraulic fracture in a cylindrically-bounded formation. The analytical solution of wellbore gas potential response described in this disclosure is derived for a hydraulically fractured vertical wellbore under a constant rate of production from a cylindrically-bounded and naturally fractured formation, as shown in the schematic 100. The analytical solution accounts for gas flows into the wellbore from both matrix and fracture in the reservoir rock. The multiple flow regimes are identified by slopes of the curves in the time-history plot of the wellbore gas potential derivative. In particular, the pseudo-linear, pseudo-radial, and pseudo-steady state flow regimes are identified by the slopes. +½, 0, and +1, respectively. The analytical solutions further characterize such sloped behaviors allowing determination of reservoir properties such as rock matrix permeability, fracture permeability, and hydraulic fracture length. Some transient behavior, characterized by a trough of the gas potential derivative curve between the pseudo-linear and the pseudo-radial regimes is also investigated. Analytical expressions for the height of the trough and the time marker of the trough base are determined to estimate fracture storage and inter-porosity flow coefficient representing inter-porosity flow between the matrix and the fracture.

FIG. 2 is a schematic 200 of production from a horizontal wellbore with multi-stage hydraulic fractures. The techniques to extract formation properties can also be applied for the analysis of production from a horizontal wellbore with the multi-stage hydraulic fractures, as shown in schematic 200. To apply the techniques for a hydraulically fractured horizontal wellbore, each hydraulic fracture is treated as a plane source. The analytical solutions described here are computationally implemented to calculate the wellbore pressure. Similarly, corresponding slope analysis is applied and the explicit equations are computationally solved to calculate formation properties. In some implementations, the techniques to determine formation properties based on the slope analyses and computational solutions of the analytical equations described here can be displayed on a display platform.

In the following paragraphs, the development of the analytical equations for the dual-porosity, dual-permeability model are described. Application of the analytical equations to determine the formation properties are then described. As described later, application of the analytical equations includes computationally solving the equations using input parameters by a computer system such as the one described with reference to FIG. 5.

The dual-pressure governing equations for the original dual-continual theory for a homogenous and isotropic fractured porous medium is expressed in Equation (1).

$\begin{matrix} {{A^{\prime}{\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\begin{bmatrix} p^{I} \\ p^{II} \end{bmatrix}}} = {{D^{\prime}{\nabla^{2}\begin{bmatrix} p^{I} \\ p^{II} \end{bmatrix}}} + {\Gamma^{\prime}\begin{bmatrix} p^{I} \\ p^{II} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

In Equation (1),

$\begin{matrix} {{A^{\prime} = \begin{bmatrix} {\phi^{I}C_{t}^{I}} & {- \beta_{*}} \\ {- \beta_{**}} & {\phi^{II}C_{t}^{II}} \end{bmatrix}};\mspace{14mu}{D^{\prime} = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{k^{I}}{\mu} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{k^{II}}{\mu} \end{bmatrix}};\mspace{14mu}{\Gamma^{\prime}{\frac{\alpha}{\mu}\begin{bmatrix} {- 1} & 1 \\ 1 & {- 1} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

I and II stand for matrix and fracture, respectively; ϕC_(t) is storage, k is permeability, μ is viscosity, α is a characteristic of the fractured porous medium, β_(*) is a coefficient relating fracture-pressure variation on matrix-porosity radiation. and β_(**) is a coefficient relating matrix-pressure variation on fracture-porosity radiation. β_(*) and β_(**) are usually small and can be neglected.

Equation (1) is the governing equation for poor pressure in oil formations. For gas wells, the gas potential rather than poor pressure is investigated. The governing equations for gas potential have the same form as Equation 1. Therefore, neglecting the terms β_(*) and β_(**) in Equation 1 and expressing Equation 1 in terms of gas potential results in Equation 3.

$\begin{matrix} {{D{\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\begin{bmatrix} {m\left( p^{I} \right)} \\ {m\left( p^{II} \right)} \end{bmatrix}}} = {{\nabla^{2}\begin{bmatrix} {m\left( p^{I} \right)} \\ {m\left( p^{II} \right)} \end{bmatrix}} + {\Gamma\begin{bmatrix} {m\left( p^{I} \right)} \\ {m\left( p^{II} \right)} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

In Equation 3, m(p) is the gas potential defined by Equation 4.

$\begin{matrix} {{m(p)} = {2{\int_{p0}^{p}{\frac{p}{\mu Z}dp}}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

In Equation (4), p₀ is the initial gas pressure, p is the wellbore gas pressure, μ is the viscosity, Z is the gas compressibility factor, and the matrix D and Γ are defined by Equation 5.

$\begin{matrix} {{D = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{{\mu\phi}^{I}C_{t}^{I}}{k^{I}} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{{\mu\phi}^{II}C_{t}^{II}}{k^{II}} \end{bmatrix}};\mspace{14mu}{\Gamma = {\lambda\begin{bmatrix} {- 1} & 1 \\ 1 & {- 1} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

For the governing equation, Equation (3), the coefficients matrix shown in Equation (5) could be pressure- and time-dependent. In this disclosure, the coefficients are treated as constants or average values throughout the wellbore production.

It can be seen that the matrix flow is considered and coupled with fracture flow through the inter-porosity flow camp. Consequently, the equations presented so far represent an improvement over certain other studies of the problem of production from hydraulically-fractured wells in a naturally fractured formation. In such studies, matrix flow was not considered, or the matrix flow was not coupled with the fracture flow.

The analytical solutions that follow are related to the response of wellbore pressure during production from a hydraulically and naturally fractured vertical wellbore. To derive the analytical solutions of wellbore gas potential, the hydraulic fracture is assumed to be symmetric with respect to the wellbore. Pressure difference along the vertical direction in the created fracture is ignored to allow for two-dimensional analysis. A horizontal plane is considered in the formation. The wellbore gas potential is simulated by a finite-line source solution, that is, the wellbore gas potential at the middle point of a finite-line source with a constant rate of production. The line source solution is obtained by integrating the point source solutions along the hydraulic fracture length. Derivation of the point source solution is described with reference to some of the following equations.

Initially, the dual-porosity, dual-permeability system is assumed to be in equilibrium with uniform formation pressure, that is, p^(I) (pore pressure in rock matrix)=p^(II) (pore pressure in fractures)=p₀ (initial pore pressure). Application of Laplace transform to Equation (3) provides Equation (6).

$\begin{matrix} {{s\;{D\begin{bmatrix} {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{I} \right)} \\ {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{II} \right)} \end{bmatrix}}} = {{\nabla^{2}\begin{bmatrix} {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{I} \right)} \\ {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{II} \right)} \end{bmatrix}} + {\Gamma\begin{bmatrix} {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{I} \right)} \\ {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{II} \right)} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$

Equation (6) can also be expressed as Equation (7).

$\begin{matrix} {{\nabla^{2}\begin{bmatrix} {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{I} \right)} \\ {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{II} \right)} \end{bmatrix}} = {\left( {{sD} - \Gamma} \right)\begin{bmatrix} {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{I} \right)} \\ {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p^{II} \right)} \end{bmatrix}}} & (7) \end{matrix}$

For the cylindrically-bounded formation shown in schematic 100, the general solutions of Equations (6) and (7) can be obtained and written in the matrix form shown in Equation (8).

$\begin{matrix} {\left\{ \begin{matrix} {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p_{point}^{I} \right)} \\ {\overset{˜}{m}\left( p_{point}^{II} \right)} \end{matrix} \right\rbrack = {P\begin{bmatrix} {{C_{1}^{I}{K_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}r} \right)}} + {C_{2}^{I}{I_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}r} \right)}}} \\ {{C_{1}^{II}{K_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}r} \right)}} + {C_{2}^{II}{I_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}r} \right)}}} \end{bmatrix}}} & (8) \end{matrix}$

In Equation (8), I₀(x) and K₀(x) are the modified Bessel function of the first and second kind, respectively; C₁ ^(I), C₂ ^(I), C₁ ^(II), and C₂ ^(II) are coefficients to be determined by the boundary conditions. The matrix P satisfies the condition shown in Equation (9).

$\begin{matrix} {{{P^{- 1}\left( {{sD} - \Gamma} \right)}P} = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda^{I} & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda^{II} \end{bmatrix}} & (9) \end{matrix}$

The matrix P is denoted by the matrix shown in Equation (10).

$\begin{matrix} {P = \begin{bmatrix} m_{11}^{I} & m_{12}^{II} \\ m_{21}^{I} & m_{22}^{II} \end{bmatrix}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

The boundary conditions for this problem are expressed explicitly as follows.

At r=r_(e), it is a no-flow boundary represented by Equation (11). Here, r_(e) refers to the radius of the wellbore in the hydrocarbon reservoir.

$\begin{matrix} {{{{\frac{\partial{\overset{\sim}{m}\left( p_{point}^{I} \right)}}{\partial r}}_{r = r_{e}} = \frac{\partial{\overset{\sim}{m}\left( p_{point}^{II} \right)}}{\partial r}}}_{r = r_{e}} = 0} & (11) \end{matrix}$

At the center of the wellbore, that is, r=0, it is a constant rate of production boundary, as represented by Equation (12).

$\begin{matrix} {{\lim_{r\rightarrow 0}{2\pi{r\left( {{\frac{k^{I}}{\mu}\frac{\partial p_{point}^{I}}{\partial r}} + {\frac{k^{II}}{\mu}\frac{\partial p_{point}^{II}}{\partial r}}} \right)}h}} = {{- B}q_{w}}} & (12) \end{matrix}$

In Equation (12), production from both matrix and fracture are considered.

To express the above boundary conditions at the wellbore in the form of gas potential, i.e., m(p), the approximation shown in Equation (13) can be utilized.

$\begin{matrix} {{m(p)} = {{2{\int_{p_{0}}^{p}{\frac{p}{\mu Z}dp}}} \approx {\frac{2\overset{¯}{p}}{\mu Z}\left( {p - p_{0}} \right)}}} & (13) \end{matrix}$

Substitution of Equation (13) with the gas volume factor, B=Tp_(sc)Z/T_(sc)p, into Equation (12) provides Equation (14).

$\begin{matrix} {{\lim_{r\rightarrow 0}\left( {{k^{I}r\frac{\partial{m\left( p_{point}^{I} \right)}}{\partial r}} + {k^{II}r\frac{\partial{m\left( p_{point}^{II} \right)}}{\partial r}}} \right)} = {- \frac{q_{w}Tp_{sc}}{\pi hT_{sc}}}} & (14) \end{matrix}$

In Equation (14), Tis formation temperature, T_(sc) (=288.7 K) and p_(sc) (=101.3 kPa) are the temperature and pressure at standard conditions, respectively.

For the propped hydraulic fracture, another boundary condition involves the gas potential along the hydraulic fracture length. Assuming that the width of the hydraulic fracture is 2w, then, at the fracture surface, the matrix gas potential equals the fracture gas potential as represented in Equation (15).

at r=w: m(p _(point) ^(I))=m(p _(point) ^(I))  (15)

Substituting Equation (8) into Equations (11), (14), and (15) yields Equations (16), (17), (18), and (19).

$\begin{matrix} {{{{- C_{1}^{\;_{I}}}m_{11}^{I}\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}{K_{1}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}r_{e}} \right)}} + {C_{2}^{\;_{\;_{I}}}m_{11}^{I}\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}{I_{1}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}r_{e}} \right)}} - {C_{1}^{II}m_{12}^{II}\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}{K_{1}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}r_{e}} \right)}} + {C_{2}^{II}m_{12}^{II}\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}{I_{1}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}r_{e}} \right)}}} = 0} & (16) \\ {{{{- C_{1}^{\;_{I}}}m_{21}^{I}\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}{K_{1}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}r_{e}} \right)}} + {C_{2}^{\;_{I}}m_{21}^{I}\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}{I_{1}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}r_{e}} \right)}} - {C_{1}^{II}m_{22}^{II}\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}{K_{1}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}r_{e}} \right)}} + {C_{2}^{II}m_{22}^{II}\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}{I_{1}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}r_{e}} \right)}}} = 0} & (17) \\ {\mspace{79mu}{{{k^{I}\left( {{C_{1}^{I}m_{11}^{I}} + {C_{1}^{II}m_{12}^{II}}} \right)} + {k^{II}\left( {{C_{1}^{I}m_{21}^{I}} + {C_{1}^{II}m_{22}^{II}}} \right)}} = \frac{q_{w}Tp_{sc}}{\pi hT_{sc}}}} & (18) \\ {{{{C_{1}^{I}\left( {m_{11}^{I} - m_{21}^{I}} \right)}{K_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}w} \right)}} + {{C_{2}^{I}\left( {m_{11}^{I} - m_{21}^{I}} \right)}{I_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}w} \right)}} + {{C_{1}^{II}\left( {m_{12}^{II} - m_{22}^{II}} \right)}{K_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}w} \right)}} + {{C_{2}^{II}\left( {m_{12}^{II} - m_{22}^{II}} \right)}{I_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}w} \right)}}} = 0} & (19) \end{matrix}$

The coefficients C₁ ^(I), C₂ ^(I), C₁ ^(II), and C₂ ^(II) can be determined by solving the above for linear regressions.

For a hydraulic fracture with length of 2L, the line source solutions for the wellbore gas potential can be obtained by integrating the point source solutions along the fracture length and expressed as shown in Equation (2).

$\begin{matrix} {\begin{bmatrix} {m\left( {\overset{˜}{p}}_{w}^{I} \right)} \\ {m\left( {\overset{˜}{p}}_{w}^{II} \right)} \end{bmatrix} = {\frac{1}{2L}{\int_{- L}^{L}{{P\begin{bmatrix} {{C_{1}^{I}{K_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}r} \right)}} + {C_{2}^{I}{I_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{I}}r} \right)}}} \\ {{C_{1}^{II}{K_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}r} \right)}} + {C_{2}^{II}{I_{0}\left( {\sqrt{\lambda^{II}}r} \right)}}} \end{bmatrix}}d\; r}}}} & (20) \end{matrix}$

The analytical solutions that follow are related to the response of wellbore pressure during production from a hydraulically and naturally fractured horizontal wellbore. For a hydraulically fractured horizontal wellbore with multi-stage hydraulic fractures, it can be reasonably assumed that the horizontal wellbore has infinite hydraulic conductivity. That is, the wellbore pressure is identical at each hydraulic fracture mouth. The total production is a summation of the production from each individual hydraulic fracture. Such assumption yields Equations (21) and (22).

p _(w) =p ₁ = . . . =p _(N)  (21)

q=Σ _(i=1) ^(N) q _(i)  (22)

In Equations (21) and (22), N is the number of hydraulic fractures, p_(w) is the wellbore pressure, p_(i) is the wellbore pressure at each hydraulic fracture mouth, q is the total production rate, and q_(i) is the production rate from the i^(th) hydraulic fracture.

For each hydraulic fracture, the general solution of Equation (2) is obtained. Substitution of these equations into the conditions of Equations (21) and (22) allows calculating the coefficients C_(1i) ^(I), C_(2i) ^(I), C_(1i) ^(II), and C_(2i) ^(II) for each hydraulic fracture. As a result, the wellbore pressure during the production from a horizontal wellbore with N hydraulic fractures is obtained.

The analytical equations that follow are related to determination of slopes and the application of the slope analysis to estimate formation properties. In some implementations, the slope analysis can be implemented using a computer system such as the computer system described later, with reference to FIG. 5. As a first step, parameters associated with the naturally fractured hydraulic reservoir are collected and provided as input to the computer system. In some implementations, the parameters include permeability [k (mD)], storage [ϕC_(t) (1/GPa)], viscosity [μ/(cP)], gas volume factor [B (m³/Sm³)], gas compressibility factor [Z], and inter-porosity flow coefficient [λ]. Gas compressibility factor is a dimensionless variable. Inter-porosity flow coefficient has the units Pa⁻¹s⁻¹. Other parameters include flow rate [q_(w) (m³/d)], temperature [T (° C.)], formation thickness [h (cm)], fracture half-length [L (m)], and formation radius [r_(e) (m)]. For a dual-porosity, dual-permeability naturally fractured formation fracture, poor pressure at the wellbore tends to be more representative of the wellbore pressure due to its higher ability compared to the matrix system to communicate with the wellbore. Using these parameters associated with a constant rate of gas production from a naturally fractured formation, the fracture gas potential at the wellbore is evaluated.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are plots of wellbore gas potential response during constant rate of production. In each of FIGS. 3A and 3B, the X-axis shows production time in the logarithmic scale. In the Y-axis, the solid line shows gas potential, and the dashed line shows time rate of change of gas potential, both in the logarithmic scale. In some implementations, the computer system receives the gas potential as a function of time. The computer system determines a time rate of change of the gas potential. The computer system converts the gas potential and the time rate of change of the gas potential into the logarithmic scale and plots the same over the production time, also in the logarithmic scale.

From the plots shown in FIG. 3A, the computer system identifies a pseudo-linear flow regime, a pseudo-radial flow regime, and a pseudo-steady state flow regime, which correspond to the slopes of +½, 0, and +1, respectively, in the gas potential derivative curve. In implementation, the computer system generates the gas potential derivative curve by connecting a sequence of discrete points. The computer system can determine slopes of the curve to identify the different flow regimes. To determine the slope, the computer system can identify any two points by their respective Cartesian coordinates (x₁, y₁ and x₂, y₂) and determine the slope of the line connecting the two points using the formula

$\frac{y_{2} - y_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}}.$

Also, me transient period, which is dominated by the inter-porosity flow between matrix and fracture, is also obtained, as characterized by the behavior in the gas potential curve. FIG. 3B presents the equations of the three straight lines with the slopes of +½, 0, and +1 in the gas potential data curve. In some implementations, the plot portions that represent the respective flow regimes are not exactly straight, and the slopes are not exactly +½, 0, and +1. For example, the slopes are substantially +½, 0, and +1, which means that a deviation of ±5% from the exact value is permissible.

By applying sensitivity analysis and Buckingham 7C theorem, equations representing the straight lines were determined. The determination of these equations are described in the following paragraphs.

The +½ slope in the gas potential derivative curve is indicated by Equation (23).

$\begin{matrix} {\left. {A\; t\mspace{14mu} t}\rightarrow 0 \right.:\left. \frac{d{m(p)}}{d\; L\; n\; t}\rightarrow{C_{0}\sqrt{t}} \right.} & (23) \end{matrix}$

In Equation (23), C_(o) is a constant to be determined. The pseudo-linear flow is controlled by the following parameters—k^(II), ϕ^(II)C_(t) ^(II), L, h, q_(w), T, and μ. That is, such parameters control the constant C_(o). Applying the Buckingham π theorem, it is found that C_(o) has the form shown in Equation (24).

$\begin{matrix} {C_{0} = {{C_{1}\left( \frac{q_{w}T}{hL} \right)}\left( {k^{II}{\mu\phi}^{II}C_{t}^{II}} \right)^{1/2}}} & (24) \end{matrix}$

In Equation (24), C₁ is another dimensionless constant. Further analysis on the gas potential solutions provides Equation (25).

$\begin{matrix} {C_{0} = {\frac{q_{w}Tp_{sc}}{2hLT_{sc}}\sqrt{\frac{1}{{\pi\mu\phi}^{II}C_{t}^{II}k^{II}}}}} & (25) \end{matrix}$

therefore, the pseudo-linear flow has the asymptotic behavior shown by Equation (26).

$\begin{matrix} {\left. {{At}\mspace{14mu} t}\rightarrow 0 \right.:\left. \frac{d{m(p)}}{d\; L\; n\; t}\rightarrow{\frac{q_{w}Tp_{sc}}{2hLT_{sc}}\sqrt{\frac{t}{{\pi\mu\phi}^{II}C_{t}^{II}k^{II}}}} \right.} & (26) \end{matrix}$

Similar analysis can be applied to the pseudo-radial and pseudo-steady state flow regimes. Based on the analysis, it is found that the pseudo-radial flow has the asymptotic behavior shown by Equation (27).

$\begin{matrix} \left. \frac{d{m(p)}}{d\; L\; n\; t}\rightarrow\frac{q_{w}Tp_{sc}}{2\pi\; h\; k^{II}T_{sc}} \right. & (27) \end{matrix}$

The pseudo-steady state flow has the asymptomatic behavior shown by Equation (28).

$\begin{matrix} \left. {A\; t\mspace{14mu} t}\rightarrow{\infty:\left. \frac{d{m(p)}}{d\; L\; n\; t}\rightarrow\frac{4q_{w}Tp_{sc}k^{I}t}{\pi\; h\; r_{e}^{2}T_{sc}{\mu\phi}^{I}C_{t}^{I}k^{II}} \right.} \right. & (28) \end{matrix}$

The depth of the trough in the gas potential derivative curve is also investigated. The trough is controlled by the term k^(II)ϕC_(t) ^(I)/k^(I)ϕ^(II)C_(t) ^(II). Since the quantity is dimensionless, it is reasonable to characterize the depth of the trough by a dimensionless quantity as well as to establish a relationship between the two. The depth of the trough is characterized as (y_(max)−y_(min))/y_(max), where y_(max) is the y-coordinate of the highest point of the left part of the trough, and y_(min) is the y-coordinate of the lowest point of the trough. y_(max)−y_(min) is the Δp_(trough) as illustrated in FIG. 3B. As a result, the approximation shown in Equation (29) is found.

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{{\Delta p}_{trough}}{y_{\max}} \approx {\frac{Ln10}{2\pi}{Log}_{10}\frac{k^{II}\phi^{I}C_{t}^{I}}{k^{I}\phi^{II}C_{t}^{II}}}} & (29) \end{matrix}$

Equations (26)-(29) are used to estimate matrix permeability, fracture permeability, fracture storage, and hydraulic fracture length. To do so, the computer system identifies the flat-line behavior in the pseudo-radial flow regime (that is, the plot portion with a 0 slope) and identifies the intersect value (y_(i)) between the flat-line and the Y-axis of the plot shown in FIG. 3B. Equation (29) is then applied to estimate the fracture permeability as shown in Equation (30).

$\begin{matrix} {k^{II} = \frac{q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}{2{\pi{hT}}_{sc}y_{i}}} & (30) \end{matrix}$

In sum, the computer system introduces the intersect value (y_(i)) into Equation (30) to solve for fracture permeability.

In some implementations, the computer system identifies the pseudo-steady state (that is, the plot portion with the +1 slope) to estimate matrix permeability. To do so, the computer system identifies the intersect value (y_(j)) on the Y-axis between the straight line of the unit slope with the t=1 axis. Equation (28) is then applied to estimate the matrix permeability as shown in Equation (31).

$\begin{matrix} {k^{I} = \frac{y_{j}{\pi{hr}}_{e}^{2}T_{sc}{\mu\phi}^{I}C_{t}^{I}k^{II}}{4q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}} & (31) \end{matrix}$

Once matrix and fracture permeabilities are determined, the computer system determines fracture storage from Equation (29). To do so, the computer system identifies y_(max) and y_(min) for the trough, for example, from the plot in FIG. 3B. Subsequently, the computer system determines fracture storage using Equation (32).

$\begin{matrix} {{\phi^{II}C_{t}^{II}} = {{\frac{k^{II}\phi^{I}C_{t}^{I}}{k^{I}}10^{{- \frac{2\pi}{{Ln}10}}\frac{{\Delta p}_{trough}}{y_{\max}}}} = {2.28/{Gpa}}}} & (32) \end{matrix}$

Next, the computer system introduces the determined fracture permeability and fracture storage into Equation (26) to determine the hydraulic fracture half-length. To do so, the computer system identifies the intersect value (y_(k)) between the straight line of the +½ slope with the t=1 axis. Then, according to Equation (26), Equation (33) is obtained.

$\begin{matrix} {L = {\frac{q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}{2{hT}_{sc}y_{k}}\sqrt{\frac{1}{{\pi\mu\phi}^{II}C_{t}^{II}k^{II}}}}} & (33) \end{matrix}$

In some implementations, if the fracture half-length is known, for example, through micro-seismic survey, the fracture storage can be estimated using Equation (33).

To summarize, the computer system computationally solves the equations shown in Table 1 to determine properties of naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs carrying entrapped hydrocarbons, for example, oil or natural gas.

TABLE 1 Summary of equations to determine reservoir properties from flow regimes Flow Regimes Asymptotic Behavior Slope Pseudo-Linear $\left. \frac{{dm}(p)}{dLnt}\rightarrow{\frac{q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}{2\;{hLT}_{sc}}\sqrt{\frac{t}{\pi\;{\mu\phi}^{II}C_{t}^{II}k^{II}}}} \right.$ +1/2 Transient Relative Height of Trough $\frac{\Delta\; p_{trough}}{y_{\max}} \approx {\frac{{Ln}\; 10}{2\;\pi}{Log}_{10}\frac{k^{II}\phi^{I}C_{t}^{I}}{k^{I}\phi^{II}C_{t}^{II}}}$ Trough Time Marker of the Trough Base $t_{D} = {\frac{\mu}{\pi\;\lambda}\sqrt{\frac{\phi^{I}\phi^{II}C_{t}^{I}C_{t}^{II}}{k^{I}k^{II}}}}$ Pseudo-Radial $\left. \frac{{dm}(p)}{dLnt}\rightarrow\frac{q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}{2\;\pi\;{hk}^{II}T_{sc}} \right.$ 0 Pseudo-Steady State $\left. \frac{{dm}(p)}{dLnt}\rightarrow\frac{4\; q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}k^{I}t}{\pi\;{hr}_{e}^{2}T_{sc}\mu\;\phi^{I}C_{t}^{I}k^{II}} \right.$ +1

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an example of a process 400 for determining reservoir parameters of a naturally fractured reservoir with entrapped hydrocarbons. The process 400 can be implemented using a computer system, for example, the computer system described with reference to FIG. 5.

At 402, hydrocarbon reservoir production information associated with a naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoir with trapped hydrocarbons is received. A wellbore has been formed in the reservoir to produce hydrocarbons. The information includes a wellbore pressure (p) measured over production time (t).

At 404, a time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over the production time is determined. At 406, a log-log plot of the time rate of change of wellbore pressure versus production time is determined. At 408, multiple plot sections are identified from the log-log plot. Each plot section represents a respective flow regime of a flow of hydrocarbons from the reservoir. At 410, a corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-axis intersect value is determined for each plot section. At 412, a reservoir parameter for each corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-axis intersect value is determined for each plot section.

Example

In an example, the information shown in Table 2 was received and provided as an input to the computer system.

TABLE 2 Rock-fluid properties for dual-porosity modeling (all values in S.I. units) Parameters Porosity (I) Porosity (II) Permeability, k (mD) 0.025 2.5 Storage, ϕC_(t) (1/GPa) 5.76 1.92 Viscosity, μ (cP) 0.0252 Gas Volume Factor, B (m³/Sm³) 0.00452 Gas Compressibility Factor, Z 0.93 Inter-Porosity Flow Coefficient, λ 6.0 × 10⁻⁴

For the data shown in Table 2, the wellbore gas potential evolution and gas potential derivative plot during a constant rate of production were determined. The pseudo-linear plot section, the pseudo-radial plot section, and pseudo-steady state plot section having slopes of +½, 0, and +1, respectively, were determined. For each plot section, a corresponding Y-axis intersect value was identified. In particular, for the pseudo-radial plot section (0 slope), the Y-axis intersect value was identified as y_(i)=520 MPa²/cP. Substituting y_(i) into Equation (30) yielded a fracture permeability of k^(II)=2.51×10⁻¹⁵ m²=2.51 mD, which is in agreement with the true value of 2.5 mD presented in Table 2. Also, for the pseudo-steady state plot section (+1 slope), the Y-axis intersect value was identified as y_(i)=0.007 Mpa²/cP. Substituting y_(i) into Equation (32) yielded a matrix permeability of k¹=2.4×10⁻¹⁷ m²=0.024 mD, which is in agreement with the true value of 0.025 mD presented in Table 2. For the trough, y_(max)=160 Mpa²/cP and y_(min)=18 MPa²/cP are identified. Substituting y_(max) and y_(min) into Equation (32) yielded a fracture storage of 2.28/GPa, which is close to the true value of 1.92/GPa presented in Table 2. Next, for the pseudo-linear plot section (+½ slope), the Y-axis intersect value was identified as y_(k)=120 Mpa²/cP. Substituting y_(k) into Equation (33) yielded a hydraulic fracture half-length L=96 m which is also in very good agreement with the true value of 100 m.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example computer system used to provide computational functionalities associated with described algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the present disclosure, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The illustrated computer 502 is intended to encompass any computing device such as a server, a desktop computer, a laptop/notebook computer, a wireless data port, a smart phone, a personal data assistant (PDA), a tablet computing device, or one or more processors within these devices, including physical instances, virtual instances, or both. The computer 502 can include input devices such as keypads, keyboards, and touch screens that can accept user information. Also, the computer 502 can include output devices that can convey information associated with the operation of the computer 502. The information can include digital data, visual data, audio information, or a combination of information. The information can be presented in a graphical user interface (UI) (or GUI).

The computer 502 can serve in a role as a client, a network component, a server, a database, a persistency, or components of a computer system for performing the subject matter described in the present disclosure. The illustrated computer 502 is communicably coupled with a network 530. In some implementations, one or more components of the computer 502 can be configured to operate within different environments, including cloud-computing-based environments, local environments, global environments, and combinations of environments.

At a top level, the computer 502 is an electronic computing device operable to receive, transmit, process, store, and manage data and information associated with the described subject matter. According to some implementations, the computer 502 can also include, or be communicably coupled with, an application server, an email server, a web server, a caching server, a streaming data server, or a combination of servers.

The computer 502 can receive requests over network 530 from a client application (for example, executing on another computer 502). The computer 502 can respond to the received requests by processing the received requests using software applications. Requests can also be sent to the computer 502 from internal users (for example, from a command console), external (or third) parties, automated applications, entities, individuals, systems, and computers.

Each of the components of the computer 502 can communicate using a system bus 503. In some implementations, any or all of the components of the computer 502, including hardware or software components, can interface with each other or the interface 504 (or a combination of both) over the system bus 503. Interfaces can use an application programming interface (API) 512, a service layer 513, or a combination of the API 512 and service layer 513. The API 512 can include disclosures for routines, data structures, and object classes. The API 512 can be either computer-language independent or dependent. The API 512 can refer to a complete interface, a single function, or a set of APIs.

The service layer 513 can provide software services to the computer 502 and other components (whether illustrated or not) that are communicably coupled to the computer 502. The functionality of the computer 502 can be accessible for all service consumers using this service layer. Software services, such as those provided by the service layer 513, can provide reusable, defined functionalities through a defined interface. For example, the interface can be software written in JAVA, C++, or a language providing data in extensible markup language (XML) format. While illustrated as an integrated component of the computer 502, in alternative implementations, the API 512 or the service layer 513 can be stand-alone components in relation to other components of the computer 502 and other components communicably coupled to the computer 502. Moreover, any or all parts of the API 512 or the service layer 513 can be implemented as child or sub-modules of another software module, enterprise application, or hardware module without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

The computer 502 includes an interface 504. Although illustrated as a single interface 504 in FIG. 5, two or more interfaces 504 can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer 502 and the described functionality. The interface 504 can be used by the computer 502 for communicating with other systems that are connected to the network 530 (whether illustrated or not) in a distributed environment. Generally, the interface 504 can include, or be implemented using, logic encoded in software or hardware (or a combination of software and hardware) operable to communicate with the network 530. More specifically, the interface 504 can include software supporting one or more communication protocols associated with communications. As such, the network 530 or the interface's hardware can be operable to communicate physical signals within and outside of the illustrated computer 502.

The computer 502 includes a processor 505. Although illustrated as a single processor 505 in FIG. 5, two or more processors 505 can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer 502 and the described functionality. Generally, the processor 505 can execute instructions and can manipulate data to perform the operations of the computer 502, including operations using algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the present disclosure.

The computer 502 also includes a database 506 that can hold data for the computer 502 and other components connected to the network 530 (whether illustrated or not). For example, database 506 can be an in-memory, conventional, or a database storing data consistent with the present disclosure. In some implementations, database 506 can be a combination of two or more different database types (for example, hybrid in-memory and conventional databases) according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer 502 and the described functionality. Although illustrated as a single database 506 in FIG. 5, two or more databases (of the same, different, or combination of types) can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer 502 and the described functionality. While database 506 is illustrated as an internal component of the computer 502, in alternative implementations, database 506 can be external to the computer 502.

The computer 502 also includes a memory 507 that can hold data for the computer 502 or a combination of components connected to the network 530 (whether illustrated or not). Memory 507 can store any data consistent with the present disclosure. In some implementations, memory 507 can be a combination of two or more different types of memory (for example, a combination of semiconductor and magnetic storage) according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer 502 and the described functionality. Although illustrated as a single memory 507 in FIG. 5, two or more memories 507 (of the same, different, or combination of types) can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer 502 and the described functionality. While memory 507 is illustrated as an internal component of the computer 502, in alternative implementations, memory 507 can be external to the computer 502.

The application 508 can be an algorithmic software engine providing functionality according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer 502 and the described functionality. For example, application 508 can serve as one or more components, modules, or applications. Further, although illustrated as a single application 508, the application 508 can be implemented as multiple applications 508 on the computer 502. In addition, although illustrated as internal to the computer 502, in alternative implementations, the application 508 can be external to the computer 502.

The computer 502 can also include a power supply 514. The power supply 514 can include a rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery that can be configured to be either user- or non-user-replaceable. In some implementations, the power supply 514 can include power-conversion and management circuits, including recharging, standby, and power management functionalities. In some implementations, the power-supply 514 can include a power plug to allow the computer 502 to be plugged into a wall socket or a power source to, for example, power the computer 502 or recharge a rechargeable battery.

There can be any number of computers 502 associated with, or external to, a computer system containing computer 502, with each computer 502 communicating over network 530. Further, the terms “client,” “user,” and other appropriate terminology can be used interchangeably, as appropriate, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the present disclosure contemplates that many users can use one computer 502 and one user can use multiple computers 502.

Implementations of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this disclosure can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, in tangibly embodied computer software or firmware, in computer hardware, including the structures disclosed in this disclosure and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Software implementations of the described subject matter can be implemented as one or more computer programs. Each computer program can include one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable computer-storage medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. Alternatively, or additionally, the program instructions can be encoded in/on an artificially generated propagated signal. For example, the signal can be a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal that is generated to encode information for transmission to a suitable receiver apparatus for execution by a data processing apparatus. The computer-storage medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory device, or a combination of computer-storage mediums.

The terms “data processing apparatus,” “computer,” and “electronic computer device” (or equivalent as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art) refer to data processing hardware. For example, a data processing apparatus can encompass all kinds of apparatuses, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example, a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can also include special purpose logic circuitry including, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In some implementations, the data processing apparatus or special purpose logic circuitry (or a combination of the data processing apparatus or special purpose logic circuitry) can be hardware- or software-based (or a combination of both hardware- and software-based). The apparatus can optionally include code that creates an execution environment for computer programs, for example, code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of execution environments. The present disclosure contemplates the use of data processing apparatuses with or without conventional operating systems, such as LINUX, UNIX, WINDOWS, MAC OS, ANDROID, or IOS.

A computer program, which can also be referred to or described as a program, software, a software application, a module, a software module, a script, or code, can be written in any form of programming language. Programming languages can include, for example, compiled languages, interpreted languages, declarative languages, or procedural languages. Programs can be deployed in any form, including as stand-alone programs, modules, components, subroutines, or units for use in a computing environment. A computer program can, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data, for example, one or more scripts stored in a markup language document, in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files storing one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code. A computer program can be deployed for execution on one computer or on multiple computers that are located, for example, at one site or distributed across multiple sites that are interconnected by a communication network. While portions of the programs illustrated in the various figures may be shown as individual modules that implement the various features and functionality through various objects, methods, or processes, the programs can instead include a number of sub-modules, third-party services, components, and libraries. Conversely, the features and functionality of various components can be combined into single components as appropriate. Thresholds used to make computational determinations can be statically, dynamically, or both statically and dynamically determined.

The methods, processes, or logic flows described in this disclosure can be performed by one or more programmable computers executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The methods, processes, or logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, for example, a CPU, an FPGA, or an ASIC.

Computers suitable for the execution of a computer program can be based on one or more of general and special purpose microprocessors and other kinds of CPUs. The elements of a computer are a CPU for performing or executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a CPU can receive instructions and data from (and write data to) a memory. A computer can also include, or be operatively coupled to, one or more mass storage devices for storing data. In some implementations, a computer can receive data from, and transfer data to, the mass storage devices including, for example, magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, for example, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a game console, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, or a portable storage device such as a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive.

Computer-readable media (transitory or non-transitory, as appropriate) suitable for storing computer program instructions and data can include all forms of permanent/non-permanent and volatile/non-volatile memory, media, and memory devices. Computer-readable media can include, for example, semiconductor memory devices such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), phase change memory (PRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices. Computer-readable media can also include, for example, magnetic devices such as tape, cartridges, cassettes, and internal/removable disks. Computer-readable media can also include magneto-optical disks and optical memory devices and technologies including, for example, digital video disc (DVD), CD-ROM, DVD+/−R, DVD-RAM, DVD-ROM, RD-DVD, and BLU-RAY. The memory can store various objects or data, including caches, classes, frameworks, applications, modules, backup data, jobs, web pages, web page templates, data structures, database tables, repositories, and dynamic information. Types of objects and data stored in memory can include parameters, variables, algorithms, instructions, rules, constraints, and references. Additionally, the memory can include logs, policies, security or access data, and reporting files. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated into, special purpose logic circuitry.

Implementations of the subject matter described in the present disclosure can be implemented on a computer having a display device for providing interaction with a user, including displaying information to (and receiving input from) the user. Types of display devices can include, for example, a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED), and a plasma monitor. Display devices can include a keyboard and pointing devices including, for example, a mouse, a trackball, or a trackpad. User input can also be provided to the computer through the use of a touchscreen, such as a tablet computer surface with pressure sensitivity or a multi-touch screen using capacitive or electric sensing. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user, including to receive user feedback including, for example, sensory feedback including visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback. Input from the user can be received in the form of acoustic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user by sending documents to, and receiving documents from, a device that the user uses. For example, the computer can send web pages to a web browser on a user's client device in response to requests received from the web browser.

The term “graphical user interface,” or “GUI,” can be used in the singular or the plural to describe one or more graphical user interfaces and each of the displays of a particular graphical user interface. Therefore, a GUI can represent any graphical user interface, including, but not limited to, a web browser, a touch-screen, or a command line interface (CLI) that processes information and efficiently presents the information results to the user. In general, a GUI can include a plurality of user interface (UI) elements, some or all associated with a web browser, such as interactive fields, pull-down lists, and buttons. These and other UI elements can be related to or represent the functions of the web browser.

Implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, for example, as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, for example, an application server. Moreover, the computing system can include a front-end component, for example, a client computer having one or both of a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with the computer. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of wireline or wireless digital data communication (or a combination of data communication) in a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN), a radial access network (RAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX), a wireless local area network (WLAN) (for example, using 802.11 a/b/g/n or 802.20 or a combination of protocols), all or a portion of the Internet, or any other communication system or systems at one or more locations (or a combination of communication networks). The network can communicate with, for example, Internet Protocol (IP) packets, frame relay frames, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells, voice, video, data, or a combination of communication types between network addresses.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server can generally be remote from each other and can typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server can arise by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship.

Cluster file systems can be any file system type accessible from multiple servers for read and update. Locking or consistency tracking may not be necessary since the locking of exchange file system can be done at application layer. Furthermore, Unicode data files can be different from non-Unicode data files.

While this disclosure contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular implementations. Certain features that are described in this disclosure in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination or in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations, separately, or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although previously described features may be described as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

Particular implementations of the subject matter have been described. Other implementations, alterations, and permutations of the described implementations are within the scope of the following claims as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. While operations are depicted in the drawings or claims in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed (some operations may be considered optional), to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking or parallel processing (or a combination of multitasking and parallel processing) may be advantageous and performed as deemed appropriate.

Moreover, the separation or integration of various system modules and components in the previously described implementations should not be understood as requiring such separation or integration in all implementations. It should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.

Accordingly, the previously described example implementations do not define or constrain the present disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and alterations are also possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Furthermore, any claimed implementation is considered to be applicable to at least a computer-implemented method; a non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions to perform the computer-implemented method; and a computer system including a computer memory interoperably coupled with a hardware processor configured to perform the computer-implemented method or the instructions stored on the non-transitory, computer-readable medium. 

1. A computer-implemented method comprising: measuring a wellbore pressure (p) in a wellbore over a production time (t) using a pressure gauge; receiving, by a computer system, hydrocarbon reservoir production information associated with a naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoir with entrapped hydrocarbons in which the wellbore has been formed to produce the hydrocarbons, the information comprising the wellbore pressure (p) measured over production time (t), production rate (q_(w)), pressure at standard conditions (p_(sc)), temperature at standard conditions (T_(sc)), thickness of formation in which the wellbore is formed (h), radius of the wellbore (r_(e)), hydrocarbon viscosity (μ), reservoir temperature (T), and reservoir porosity and compressibility; determining, by the computer system, from the wellbore pressure measured over the production time, a time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over the production time; identifying, by the computer system and from a plot of a logarithmic time rate of change of the wellbore pressure (Y-axis) over logarithmic production time (X-axis), a plurality of plot sections, each plot section representing a respective flow regime of a flow of the hydrocarbons from the reservoir; determining, by the computer system and for each plot section, a corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-axis intersect value; determining, by the computer system, a reservoir parameter for each corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-axis intersect value determined for each plot section; and generating the plot of the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over the logarithmic production time.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of plot sections comprises a pseudo-radial plot section having a slope of substantially 0, wherein determining the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-intersect value for the pseudo-radial plot section comprises identifying a Y-axis intersect value (y_(i)) of the pseudo-radial plot section on the plot.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the reservoir parameter for the pseudo-radial plot section is fracture permeability (k^(II)) of the reservoir, wherein determining the fracture permeability comprises computationally solving the following equation: $k^{II} = {\frac{q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}{2{\pi{hT}}_{sc}y_{i}}.}$
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of plot-sections comprises a pseudo-steady state section having a slope of substantially +1, wherein determining the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-intersect value for the pseudo-steady state plot section comprises identifying a Y-axis intersect value (y_(j)) of the pseudo-steady state plot section on the plot.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the reservoir parameter for the pseudo-steady state plot section is matrix permeability (k^(I)) of the reservoir, wherein determining the matrix permeability comprises computationally solving the following equation. ${k^{I} = \frac{y_{j}{\pi{hr}}_{e}^{2}T_{sc}{\mu\phi}^{I}C_{t}^{I}k^{II}}{4q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}},$ where ϕ^(I)C_(t) ^(I) is fracture storage.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of plot sections comprises a trough in the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure (Y-axis) over logarithmic production time (X-axis), wherein determining the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-intersect value for the trough comprises identifying a Y-axis intersect value of the trough of the plot.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the trough comprises a high point and a low point, wherein the high point comprises a Y-axis intersect value (y_(max)) and the low point comprises a Y-axis intersect value (y_(min)), wherein a difference between y_(max) and y_(min) is a time rate of change of pressure of the trough (Δp_(trough)).
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reservoir parameter for the trough is fracture storage (ϕ^(I)C_(t) ^(I)), wherein determining the fracture storage comprises computationally solving the following equation: ${\frac{{\Delta p}_{trough}}{y_{\max}} \approx {\frac{Ln10}{2\pi}{Log}_{10}\frac{k^{II}\phi^{I}C_{t}^{I}}{k^{I}\phi^{II}C_{t}^{II}}}},$ wherein ϕ^(II)C_(t) ^(II) is matrix storage.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising computationally solving the following equation: ${t_{D} = {\frac{\mu}{\pi\lambda}\sqrt{\frac{\phi^{I}\phi^{II}C_{t}^{I}C_{t}^{II}}{k^{I}k^{II}}}}},$ wherein λ is an inter-porosity flow coefficient.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the plurality of plot sections comprises a pseudo-linear section having a slope of substantially +½, wherein determining the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-intersect value for the pseudo-linear plot section comprises identifying a Y-axis intersect value (y_(k)) of the pseudo-linear plot section on the plot.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the reservoir parameter is hydraulic fracture half length, wherein determining the hydraulic fracture half length comprises computationally solving the following equation: ${\frac{{dm}(p)}{dLnt}->{\frac{q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}{2{hLT}_{sc}}\sqrt{\frac{t}{{\pi\mu\phi}^{II}C_{t}^{II}k^{II}}}}},$ wherein L is the hydraulic fracture half length.
 13. (canceled)
 14. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions executable by a computer system to perform operations comprising: measuring a wellbore pressure (p) in a wellbore over a production time (t) using a pressure gauge; receiving, by a computer system, hydrocarbon reservoir production information associated with a naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoir with entrapped hydrocarbons in which a wellbore has been formed to produce the hydrocarbons, the information comprising a wellbore pressure (p) measured over production time (t), production rate (qw), pressure at standard conditions (psc), temperature at standard conditions (Tsc), thickness of formation in which the wellbore is formed (h), radius of the wellbore (re), hydrocarbon viscosity (μ), reservoir temperature (T), and reservoir porosity and compressibility; determining, by the computer system, from the wellbore pressure measured over the production time, a time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over the production time; identifying, by the computer system and from a plot of a logarithmic time rate of change of the wellbore pressure (Y-axis) over logarithmic production time (X-axis), a plurality of plot sections, each plot section representing a respective flow regime of a flow of the hydrocarbons from the reservoir; determining, by the computer system and for each plot section, a corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-axis intersect value; determining, by the computer system, a reservoir parameter for each corresponding time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-axis intersect value determined for each plot section; and generating the plot of the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure over the logarithmic production time.
 15. (canceled)
 16. The medium of claim 14, wherein the plurality of plot sections comprises a pseudo-radial plot section having a slope of substantially 0, wherein determining the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-intersect value for the pseudo-radial plot section comprises identifying a Y-axis intersect value (y_(i)) of the pseudo-radial plot section on the plot.
 17. The medium of claim 16, wherein the reservoir parameter for the pseudo-radial plot section is fracture permeability (k^(II)) of the reservoir, wherein determining the fracture permeability comprises computationally solving the following equation: $k^{II} = {\frac{q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}{2{\pi{hT}}_{sc}y_{i}}.}$
 18. The medium of claim 17, wherein the plurality of plot-sections comprises a pseudo-steady state section having a slope of substantially +1, wherein determining the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-intersect value for the pseudo-steady state plot section comprises identifying a Y-axis intersect value (y_(j)) of the pseudo-steady state plot section on the plot.
 19. The medium of claim 18, wherein the reservoir parameter for the pseudo-steady state plot section is matrix permeability (k^(I)) of the reservoir, wherein determining the matrix permeability comprises computationally solving the following equation: ${k^{I} = \frac{y_{j}{\pi{hr}}_{e}^{2}T_{sc}{\mu\phi}^{I}C_{t}^{I}k^{II}}{4q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}},$ where ϕ^(I)C_(t) ^(I) is fracture storage.
 20. The medium of claim 19, wherein the plurality of plot sections comprises a trough in the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure (Y-axis) over logarithmic production time (X-axis), wherein determining the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-intersect value for the trough comprises identifying a Y-axis intersect value of the trough of the plot.
 21. The medium of claim 20, wherein the trough comprises a high point and a low point, wherein the high point comprises a Y-axis intersect value (y_(max)) and the low point comprises a Y-axis intersect value (y_(min)), wherein a difference between y_(max) and y_(min) is a time rate of change of pressure of the trough (Δp_(trough)).
 22. The medium of claim 21, wherein the reservoir parameter for the trough is fracture storage (ϕ^(I)C_(t) ^(I)), wherein determining the fracture storage comprises computationally solving the following equation: ${\frac{{\Delta p}_{trough}}{y_{\max}} \approx {\frac{Ln10}{2\pi}{Log}_{10}\frac{k^{II}\phi^{I}C_{t}^{I}}{k^{I}\phi^{II}C_{t}^{II}}}},$ wherein ϕ^(II)C_(t) ^(II) is matrix storage.
 23. The medium of claim 22, the method further comprising computationally solving the following equation: ${t_{D} = {\frac{\mu}{\pi\lambda}\sqrt{\frac{\phi^{I}\phi^{II}C_{t}^{I}C_{t}^{II}}{k^{I}k^{II}}}}},$ wherein λ is inter-porosity flow coefficient.
 24. The medium of claim 23, wherein the plurality of plot sections comprises a pseudo-linear section having a slope of substantially +½, wherein determining the time rate of change of the wellbore pressure Y-intersect value for the pseudo-linear plot section comprises identifying a Y-axis intersect value (y_(k)) of the pseudo-linear plot section on the plot.
 25. The medium of claim 24, wherein the reservoir parameter is hydraulic fracture half length, wherein determining the hydraulic fracture half length comprises computationally solving the following equation: ${\frac{{dm}(p)}{dLnt}->{\frac{q_{w}{Tp}_{sc}}{2{hLT}_{sc}}\sqrt{\frac{t}{{\pi\mu\phi}^{II}C_{t}^{II}k^{II}}}}},$ wherein L is the hydraulic fracture half length. 26-27. (canceled) 